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Digital Object Identifier
doi.org/10.36475/L.A.W.14
Abbreviated Title
L.A.W.
Issue
Online version
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In This Article

    Abstract - Journal Law and World

    Volume 8, issue 4

    Age – as the basis of minimum age of criminal responsibility (analysis of international and national legislation)

    Authors: Salome Guliashvili

    Salome Guliashvili

    PhD student of Caucasus International University School of Law

    Email:



    Affiliation: PhD student of Caucasus International University School of Law

    Abstract: The topic of the scientific work is relevant both in international and national legislation. The minimum age of criminal liability is the limit from which the state begins to implement its repressive measures against minors. Therefore, it is important to regulate the minimum age in such a way that it is in harmony with the bio-psycho-social condition of the minor and to achieve the goals of criminal law, in terms of analyzing the committed crime, and at the same time, the main goal of punishment in juvenile justice, such as resocialization-rehabilitation, is achievable. The article analyzes from which age the actions committed in the person of a person are analyzed, which should be directly related to the establishment of the minimum age limit. In addition, international approaches are compared with national legislation. It is worth noting that in the reality of Georgia, such an important institution as referral has been implemented, which does not leave minors under the minimum age, who have committed deviant actions, unresponsive. In the paper, the issues determining the criminal liability of a minor are discussed logically, after which the national legislation and international approaches are discussed. It is shown how important it is to correctly perceive/analyze the mentioned issue for the development of juvenile justice, and as a conclu- sion, the conformity of national approaches with internationally recognized best practice is shown, especially with the existence of such an important institution as – referral, thus, on the one hand, the state does not leave devi- ant cases without a response. The behavior, on the other hand, is prevented in the future by resocialization-rehabilitation of the minor.

    Keywords: Age, Juvenile, Responsibility, Resocialization,


    Language: GE

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    1. The Impact of Criminal Policy on Juvenile Justice
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY:

    Used literature:

    1. Makharoblidze, T., (2020). Historical-legal aspects of the origin and development of juvenile justice (comparative analysis). Journal of Law. 1, 255 (In Georgian)
    2. Loeber, R., & Farrington, D,. (2014). Age-crime curve. In: Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York: Springer, 1 https:// www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Rocque/publication/286259570_Age_and_Crime/ links/5a81a056a6fdcc098a188142/Age-andCrime.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    3. Law Council of Australia, (2020). Council of Attorneys General – Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group Review, Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group, 11 https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/docs/75d8d90e-385c-ea11-9404-005056be13b5/3772%20-%20CAG%20Review%20of%20age%20of%20criminal%20responsibility.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)

    Normative material:

    1. Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 40 (3). https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    2. Law of Georgia Juvenile Justice Code (2016). The scope and application of the Code of Juvenile Justice is analogous to the law. Article 2. Legislative Gazette of Georgia https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2877281?publication=21 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    3. Resolution of the Government of Georgia No. 681 of December 31, 2019, on the approval of the rule on the referral of minors, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4765155?publication=0 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)

    Notes:

    1. Bokhashvili, I., & Beridze, M. (2009). Juvenile Justice Issues. Journal of Law. 2, 35 (In Georgian)
    2. Ibid. (In Georgian)
    3. Makharoblidze, T., (2020). Historical-legal aspects of the origin and development of juvenile justice (comparative analysis). Journal of Law. 1, 256 (In Georgian)
    4. Britannica, Juvenile Justice meaning. https://www.britannica.com/topic/juvenile-justice [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    5. Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 40 (3). https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    6. Justice for Children Briefing No. 4, Penal reform international, The minimum age of criminal responsibility, 2, https://www.penalreform.org/resource/justice-children-briefing-no4-minimum-age-criminal-responsibility/ [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    7. Cipriani, D. (2009). Children’s Rights and the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Global Perspective, Ashcroft, 11 https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/ mono/10.4324/9781315571584/children-rights-minimum-age-criminal-responsibility-cipriani [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    8. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice ("The Beijing Rules"), Rule 4 https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/beijingrules.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    9. Makharoblidze, T., (2020). Historical-legal aspects of the origin and development of juvenile justice (comparative analysis). Journal of Law. 1, 255 (In Georgian)
    10. Penelope F. Brown, (2018). Age of criminal responsibility, 2 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326066014_Age_of_Criminal_Responsibility?enrichId=rgreq-e09ee4d4f7a717932c6cdcbcc7367c49-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMyNjA2NjAxNDtBUzo2NDI4NjY5Njc3NjkwOTZAMTUzMDI4MjgzNzc2Mg%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    11. Kiladze, S., Turava, P., (2021). Guidance Commentary on the Code of Child Rights. Tbilisi: "World of Lawyers" publishing house, 50 (In Georgian)
    12. Justice for Children Briefing No. 4, Penal reform international, The minimum age of criminal responsibility, 3, https://www.penalreform.org/resource/justice-children-briefing-no4-minimum-age-criminal-responsibility/ [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    13. Brien, W., & Fitz-Gibbon, K., (2017). The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility in Victoria (Australia): Examining Stakeholders’ Views and the Need for Principled Reform. Youth Justice 134, 17 (2), 10 https://www.academia.edu/36811184/The_Minimum_Age_of_Criminal_Responsibility_in_Victoria_Australia_Examining_Stakeholders_Views_and_the_Need_for_Principled_Reform [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    14. Khuchua, N., (2012). Age as an exculpatory circumstance. Almanac. 8, 12 (In Georgian)
    15. Justice for Children Briefing No. 4, Penal reform international, The minimum age of criminal responsibility, 3, https://www.penalreform.org/resource/justice-children-briefing-no4-minimum-age-criminal-responsibility/ [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    16. Loeber, R., & Farrington, D,. (2014). Age-crime curve. In: Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York: Springer, 1 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Rocque/publication/286259570_Age_and_Crime/links/5a81a056a6fdcc098a188142/Age-and-Crime.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    17. Loeber, R., & Farrington, D,. (2014). Age-crime curve. In: Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York: Springer, 1 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Rocque/publication/286259570_Age_and_Crime/links/5a81a056a6fdcc098a188142/Age-and-Crime.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    18. Law Council of Australia, (2020). Council of Attorneys General – Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group Review, Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group, 11 https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/docs/75d8d90e-385c-ea11-9404-005056be13b5/3772%20-%20CAG%20Review%20of%20age%20of%20criminal%20responsibility.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    19. Justice for Children Briefing No. 4, Penal reform international, The minimum age of criminal responsibility, 2https://www.penalreform.org/resource/justice-children-briefing-no4-minimum-age-criminal-responsibility/ [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    20. Ibid. (In English)
    21. Ibid. (In English)
    22. Blakemore, S,. & Choudhury, S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology. 47-51 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26650410_The_Development_of_Adolescent_Social_Cognition [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    23. Law Council of Australia, (2020). Council of Attorneys General – Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group Review, Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group, 11https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/docs/75d8d90e-385c-ea11-9404-005056be13b5/3772%20-%20CAG%20Review%20of%20age%20of%20criminal%20responsibility.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    24. Law Council of Australia, (2020). Council of Attorneys General – Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group Review, Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group, 12 https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/docs/75d8d90e-385c-ea11-9404-005056be13b5/3772%20-%20CAG%20Review%20of%20age%20of%20criminal%20responsibility.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    25. Ibid. (In English)
    26. Ibid. (In English)
    27. Unicef, Juvenile Justice, Innocenti digest, 4 https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest3e.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    28. Kiladze, S., Turava, P., (2021). Guidance Commentary on the Code of Child Rights. Tbilisi: "World of Lawyers" publishing house, 50 (In Georgian)
    29. Law of Georgia Juvenile Justice Code (2016). The scope and application of the Code of Juvenile Justice is analogous to the law. Article 2. Legislative Gazette of Georgia https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2877281?publication=21 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    30. Law of Georgia Juvenile Justice Code (2016). Definition of key terms for the purposes of this Code. Article 3. Legislative Gazette of Georgia. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2877281?publication=21 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    31. Law of Georgia Juvenile Justice Code (2016). Definition of key terms for the purposes of this Code. Article 3. Legislative Gazette of Georgia https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2877281?publication=21 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    32. Law of Georgia, Child Rights Code (2019). Definition of Terms Used in the Code. Article 3. Legislative Gazette of Georgia. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4613854?-publication=2 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    33. Meishvili, Z. & Zorbenadze, O. (2006). Commentary on the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia, as of December 31, 2006, according to Article 44, Sections 37 and 38 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia, 126 http://www.library.court.ge/upload/criminal_procedure.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    34. Bokhashvili, I., & Beridze, M., (2009). Juvenile Justice Issues, Law Journal, 2, 35; A person who has committed any of the crimes provided for in Articles 108, 109, 117, 137, 178 (except the first part), 179 and 238 1 of the Criminal Code of Georgia (Article 44, 38 of the Criminal Code of Georgia part). (In Georgian)
    35. Resolution of the Government of Georgia No. 681 of December 31, 2019, on the approval of the rule on the referral of minors, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4765155?-publication=0 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    36. Order No. 52-g of the Prosecutor General of Georgia of May 6, 2020 "On Approval of the Action Instructions of the Prosecutor's Office of Georgia in Referral Procedures for Minors with Difficult Behavior", Action Instructions of the Prosecutor's Office of Georgia in Referral Procedures for Minors with Difficult Behavior, General Provisions, Article 1, Part One (In Georgian)
    37. Order No. 52-g of the Prosecutor General of Georgia of May 6, 2020 "On Approval of the Action Instructions of the Prosecutor's Office of Georgia in Referral Procedures for Minors with Difficult Behavior", Action Instructions of the Prosecutor's Office of Georgia in Referral Procedures for Minors with Difficult Behavior, General Provisions, Article 1, Part Two (In Georgian)
    38. General Prosecutor's Office of Georgia, (2021). Juvenile Justice – Annual Report – 2021, 35 https://pog.gov.ge/uploads/cc0023c6-2021-wlis-angarishi-arasrulwlovanTa-marTlmsajuleba.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    39. As of December 31, 2021, 34 minors under the age of 14 who were in conflict with the law were redirected by the prosecutor's office to the referral center of the Prevention Center, the National Agency for the Execution of Non-custodial Sentences and Probation – see General Prosecutor's Office of Georgia, (2021). Juvenile Justice – Annual Report – 2021, 35 https://pog.gov.ge/uploads/cc0023c6-2021-wlis-angarishi-arasrulwlovanTa-marTlmsajuleba.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    40. Resolution of the Government of Georgia No. 681 of December 31, 2019, on the approval of the rule on the referral of minors, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4765155?-publication=0 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    41. Resolution of the Government of Georgia No. 681 of December 31, 2019, on the approval of the rule on the referral of minors, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4765155?-publication=0 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In Georgian)
    42. The Convention on the Rights of the Child of November 20, 1989 by the UN General Assembly, Article 1 https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1399901?publication=0 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    43. United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 10. 2007, para 32 https://www.refworld.org/docid/4670fca12.html [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
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    47. Hamilton, K. (2011). Guidelines for Juvenile Justice Law Reform. Department of Child Protection, 29 (In Georgian)
    48. Ibid. 30 (In Georgian)
    49. Ibid. 29 (In Georgian)
    50. Ibid. 29 (In Georgian)
    51. United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 10. 2007, para 30. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC.C.GC.10.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    52. Hamilton, K. (2011). Guidelines for Juvenile Justice Law Reform. Department of Child Protection, 30
    53. The royal society, December 2011, Brain waves, module 4: Neuroscience and the law, 24 https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/policy/projects/brain-waves/ brain-waves-4.pdf [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
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    55. Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 – As at 11 November 2021 – Act 55 of 1987. http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa1987261 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    56. RP v The Queen [2016] HCA 53 (21 December 2016). 8 http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/HCA/2016/53.html#fn3 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    57. RP v The Queen [2016] HCA 53 (21 December 2016). 10 http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/HCA/2016/53.html#fn3 [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    58. Davis, C., (2022). Law and Bills Digest. The minimum age of criminal responsibility in Australia: a quick guide https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2122/Quick_Guides/MinimumAgeCriminalResponsibility [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
    59. United Nations A/HRC/47/8 General Assembly, 21 June–9 July 2021, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Australia https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G21/070/43/PDF/G2107043.pdf?OpenElementDavis, C., (2022). Law and Bills Digest. The minimum age of criminal responsibility in Australia: a quick guide https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2122/Quick_Guides/MinimumAgeCriminalResponsibility [Last seen: 7 December 2022]. (In English)
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