Law and world
type: channel
publisher: European University Institute of Law
language: en
publication name: Law and world
issn: 2346-7916
items: The Capabilities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in the Justice System
items: Human Safety as a New Principle of International Cooperation
items: Cybersecurity in the Digital Era: Between Digital Transformation and Protection Challenges
items: Legal Aspects of the Emergence of Ownership Rights to the Property Acquired Throughout Marriage
items: The Arab Copyright Convention of 1981 - The Necessity of Amendment to Accommodate Digital Rights
items: The Impact of Intelligent Systems on the Future of Criminal Justice: Between the Right to Privacy and the Imperative of Modernization
items: Alternative Dispute Resolution as a Viable Template for the Settlement of Family Disputes in Nigeria
items: Securing Electronic Data and Safeguarding Personal Privacy in the Digital Environment (Pursuant to the Provisions of Algerian Law No. 18-07 on the Protection of Personal Data)
items: The Global Implications of South Africa’s Transformative Constitutionalism on Private Law Systems
items: Economic Liberty in Digital Market and Digital Competition Legislation: Indian Context
items: Interpretation of Marriage Law Determination: An Analysis Study of the Adult Age of Marriage in Indonesia
items: Response to Incitement: Call for Algeria Sanctions (International Legal Analysis)
items: The Russian Military Intervention in Ukraine: An Analysis through the Lens of International Law
items: The Efficacy of “Anti-Gender-Based Violence Laws” in Addressing the Scourge of Gender-Based Violence in South Africa
items: The Compromise Nature of Property Rights in Action – Tolerating Neighboring Nuisances?
items: The Right to the Secret of Correspondence and Its Legal Protection
items: Towards a Special Compensation System Aligned with the Unique Nature of Civil Liability for Medical Applications of Genetic Engineering
items: Towards the Obligation of Warning Imposed on Banks: A Reading of French Judicial Decisions
items: Hague Systems on Industrial Designs Protection as an Optimization of IMT-GT ASEAN Economic Cooperation
items: Dark Legacy of Zero Tolerance in Georgia (Criminal Punishment and Sentencing)
items: Environmental, Social, and Governance as Sustainability Solution for Women’s Rights in West Africa
items: The Study of Right to Freedom of Expression, Digital Media Laws and Demand for Innovation
items: License for Polygamy and the Spread of the Phenomenon of Informal Marriage: A Comparative Study between Islamic Law and Algerian Law Supported by Judicial Statistics
items: The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Legal Education and Research
items: Agricultural Crimes: A Threat to the Human Right to Food – The Case of Agroterrorism
items: Issues of Perfecting the Ranks of Legal Heirs in Georgian Legislation
items: The Rwandan Courts Position on Impact of Criminal Proceedings on Arbitration Cases
items: The Abortion of Deformed Fetus Between Criminalization and the Legitimacy of Therapeutic Pregnancy Termination in Algerian Law
items: The National Judiciary as an Exceptional Measure in the Face of the Crimes of the Zionist Entity in the Gaza Strip
items: Harmonization of Notary Honorarium Arrangement Related to the Notarial Deed Authority: Toward Legal Certainty

The Capabilities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in the Justice System
type: item
description: In the context of globalization, one of the key pillars for improving the effectiveness of a country’s legal system, ensuring access to justice, and enhancing the quality of legal proceedings lies in innovative and technological advancement. The ongoing global digitization process offers a broad range of services in every field, including the judiciary, enabling improved access to justice for citizens from various social backgrounds through digital transformation. It also allows the integration of artificial intelligence tools into case review and decision-making processes, making the administration of justice faster, more flexible, and efficient. Moreover, the implementation of AI technologies helps create essential tools and mechanisms that, through an integrated approach, contribute to solving global legal challenges—such as prolonged legal proceedings, overburdened judges, limited access to justice, inefficiencies in the legal system, and more. The primary purpose of artificial intelligence is to simplify administrative processes, increase transparency and efficiency in decision-making, and assist judges, prosecutors, and lawyers in processing documents. AI enables the analysis of legal documents, anonymization of court decisions, and comparison and compliance checks of contracts. These capabilities significantly reduce human error and save time. This article discusses examples from various countries where AI is applied in both legal research and the modeling of judicial proceedings. It is essential to emphasize that the successful use of this technology depends not only on its technical capabilities but also on the legal and ethical frameworks that protect citizens’ rights. Keywords: Justice system, AI, ethical challenges, analysis, regulation Introduction The process of digitalization in the judicial system accelerated significantly following the global pandemic that began in early 2020. The swift transition to remote (online) court hearings was made possible …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Justice system
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: ethical challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Magda Beruashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 142
ending page: 153
doi: 10.36475/11.3.10

Human Safety as a New Principle of International Cooperation
type: item
description: Human safety (HS) is a relatively new doctrine that emerged at the end of the 20th century. It arose from the need to address global threats and to better understand worldwide problems. Human safety is a human right; it refers to the safety of people and communities, as opposed to that of states. The concept of human security recognizes several dimensions of safety, including freedom from fear, freedom from want, and freedom from indignity. Our study concerns the concepts of individual entitlements and individual safety, which are strongly supported in the discourse of international law. The safety of individuals has long been a central concern of the global community, first through the League of Nations and later under the United Nations. The concept of universal individual entitlements has opened the way for new rules in international law. Safeguarding these basic entitlements is no longer solely the responsibility of an individual’s state; it has become a shared interest of the entire international community. From this perspective, we call for recognizing the concept of individual safety as a customary rule capable of stopping the continuous attacks on humanity. Keywords: Human safety (HS), emergence, international law, aggression, international community, cooperation. Introduction The ideological struggle imposed by the Cold War, along with the threat of nuclear weapon use, has given way to more fundamental but no less significant concerns. The scourges of disease, hunger, crime, political repression, natural disasters, and terrorism have become an integral part of individuals’ daily realities. The focus of our research centers on two concepts that warrant clear definition: human entitlements (HR) and human safety (HS), the latter progressively emerging in the global discourse on the safeguarding of fundamental individual entitlements and individual dignity. In this context, the concept of the “universalization of individual entitlements” has paved the way for t…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Eldjouzi Azzeddine
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 126
ending page: 141
doi: 10.36475/11.3.9

Cybersecurity in the Digital Era: Between Digital Transformation and Protection Challenges
type: item
description: The enhancement of cybersecurity represents a cornerstone for the successful implementation of digital transformation initiatives across various sectors. It plays a critical role in safeguarding digital systems against cyber threats and attacks that could disrupt operations and compromise continuity. As reliance on technology grows and smart systems become increasingly integrated into service delivery, the demand for a resilient and trustworthy cybersecurity infrastructure has become indispensable. Cybersecurity serves as a fundamental enabler of trust in the integrity and confidentiality of data, protecting it from manipulation, breaches, or unauthorized disclosure. This, in turn, fosters a secure and transparent digital environment for information exchange, which enhances institutional performance and reduces operational costs arising from security breaches or technical failures. The findings of this study indicate that nations and organizations possessing advanced cybersecurity capabilities—and investing proactively in emerging technologies—are more equipped to assert effective control over cyberspace. Such capacity ensures the realization of digital security and strengthens national sovereignty. Cybersecurity thus emerges as a strategic instrument for digital defense and the protection of national interests at both domestic and international levels, positioning it as a vital element in achieving comprehensive and sustainable digital transformation. Keywords: Cybersecurity, digital transformation, data protection, cyberattacks. Introduction Contemporary society is situated at the core of the knowledge and information era, an era defined by the ubiquity of the web and pervasive networked communication, where the flow of information now surpasses any previously known form of exchange in human history. The transformations that characterize this phase represent a qualitative leap that far surpasses previous stages of human development, particularly in terms of scope,…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: data protection
  topic: keywords
subject: cyberattacks
  topic: keywords
creator: Bouhafs Henen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 111
ending page: 125
doi: 10.36475/11.3.8

Legal Aspects of the Emergence of Ownership Rights to the Property Acquired Throughout Marriage
type: item
description: The purpose of the research is to conduct a deep study of the issue related to the origin of individual ownership of spouses over property acquired during the marriage upon the termination of marriage, and to clarify the legal or practical significance of marriage registration, starting a cohabitation, or ending a cohabitation during the registered marriage when dividing property. Specifically, when and under what conditions can property acquired during marriage be considered in co-ownership of spouses according to the Civil Code of Georgia and court practice?. According to the Constitution of Georgia, the right to own and inherit property shall be recognized and guaranteed, and marriage, as a union of a woman and a man for the purpose of founding a family, shall be based on the equality of rights and the free will of spouses. The ongoing number of disputes in courts, related to the research topic, indicates its relevance. At a glance, this issue does not seem problematic, as the relevant norms of the Civil Code of Georgia provide a solution to it. However, through a reasonable interpretation of the norm, the registered marriage does not automatically establish a co-ownership regime over the property. The purpose of this article is to emphasize, through an analysis of judicial best practice, the importance of marriage registration and the role of a household. In certain cases, the existence of a household economy is a decisive factor in deeming property as co-owned. With the development of law, in relation to human rights, the classic exceptions given in a separate norm, by systematic, substantive definition, give a different rule for solving the issue, as the State acknowledges and protects universally recognized human rights and freedoms as eternal and supreme human values. While exercising authority, the people and the State shall be bound by these rights and freedoms as directly applicable law. Keywords: Registered marriage, family, cohabitation, household, co-o…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Registered marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: family
  topic: keywords
subject: cohabitation
  topic: keywords
subject: household, co-ownership
  topic: keywords
subject: co-ownership
  topic: keywords
subject: individual ownership
  topic: keywords
creator: Guliko Kazhashvili
creator: Liana Kazhashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 83
ending page: 110
doi: 10.36475/11.3.7

The Arab Copyright Convention of 1981 - The Necessity of Amendment to Accommodate Digital Rights
type: item
description: The growing digital challenges accompanying the rise of digital creativity, alongside the efforts of Arab countries to enhance legal frameworks for protecting authors’ rights and literary works, have exposed a misalignment between the provisions of the 1981 Arab Copyright Convention and the evolving national objectives. This discrepancy necessitates revising the Convention to align with the fundamental standards for copyright protection in the digital environment, as set out in the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996—the first international treaty to address copyright in the context of the internet. This paper explores the necessary revisions to the 1981 Convention to incorporate digital copyright protections. It examines the legal foundations required for recognizing such rights, including the originality and fixation of digital works, presumptions of ownership, the scope and limitations of rights, applicable legal protections, and enforcement mechanisms suited to the digital context. The study offers significant academic value by addressing a key gap in comparative legal analysis between the Arab Copyright Convention and the WIPO Copyright Treaty. It integrates relevant international instruments and judicial precedents to propose practical legislative amendments compatible with the demands of the digital age. The findings contribute to the development of intellectual property scholarship and offer a concrete basis for legal reform. Ultimately, this study aims to strengthen the rights of Arab authors and promote the harmonization of regional copyright frameworks with established international standards. Keywords: Arab Copyright Convention, WIPO Copyright Treaty, digital rights, treaty amendment, strengthening the Arab legal environment. Introduction The enactment of international and regional treaties related to copyright is an expression of the necessity to regulate and protect authors’ rights at both international and regional levels, given their paramount importance i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arab Copyright Convention
  topic: keywords
subject: WIPO Copyright Treaty
  topic: keywords
subject: digital rights
  topic: keywords
subject: treaty amendment
  topic: keywords
subject: strengthening the Arab legal environment
  topic: keywords
creator: Bouzidi Ahmed Tidjani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 68
ending page: 82
doi: 10.36475/11.3.6

The Impact of Intelligent Systems on the Future of Criminal Justice: Between the Right to Privacy and the Imperative of Modernization
type: item
description: Constitutional principles have enshrined individual rights in accordance with the guarantees imposed by the rules of a fair trial. However, modern judicial systems are increasingly incorporating technologies driven by artificial intelligence (AI), which has sparked considerable debate. Some argue that the absolute implementation of such technologies poses a serious threat to fundamental constitutional rights—particularly the right to privacy and the guarantees of due process. Others view their adoption as a transformative development in the justice sector. Among the key outcomes of AI integration into the justice system is the emergence of electronic litigation technologies, notably remote or virtual trials. While these mechanisms have significantly expedited judicial proceedings—especially by resolving disputes more quickly and reducing trial delays—they have also faced criticism. Objections have been raised at both national and international levels due to the potential challenges these mechanisms may present, especially in terms of their impact on fundamental procedural guarantees, such as the principle of adversarial proceedings and the right to a defense. Accordingly, this study aims to clarify the implications of AI systems on the right to digital privacy, particularly in the pre-trial phase, including criminal investigations. It also explores their effects on constitutional rights during electronic trial proceedings. Ultimately, the study seeks to assess the extent to which these systems succeed in upholding the principle of a fair trial. Keywords: Intelligent systems, digital privacy, modernization of justice, future of justice. Introduction Constitutional principles have been emphasized at both the international and national levels, historically and in modern times, on the rights of individuals to seek redress through judicial processes safeguarded by the rules of efficient and fair justice. However, modern judicial systems are now witnessing the introductio…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intelligent systems
  topic: keywords
subject: digital privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: modernization of justice
  topic: keywords
subject: future of justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Belbagui Boumediene
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 53
ending page: 67
doi: 10.36475/11.3.5

Alternative Dispute Resolution as a Viable Template for the Settlement of Family Disputes in Nigeria
type: item
description: In recent times, the various Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms are fast becoming the best means of resolving family disputes. This is because family disputes are often confidential, and these ADR mechanisms encourage confidentiality. This paper analysed the viability of ADR as a means of resolving family disputes in Nigeria. It emphasised litigation’s limitations in resolving emotionally charged family matters and investigates how alternative dispute resolution can encourage confidentiality, party autonomy, and relationship maintenance. Using a comparative and doctrinal methodology, this study examined the acceptance and effectiveness of ADR in nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, and Finland. It also assessed Nigeria’s legislative framework governing matrimonial disputes, specifically the Matrimonial Causes Act (MCA) of 1970, as well as the feasibility of incorporating ADR into it. The study concluded that, while ADR has the potential to resolve marital maintenance, child custody, and property conflicts, statutory and cultural hurdles persist. The study concluded by recommending amendments to improve the legal recognition of ADR in family law and making practical recommendations to boost its usage in Nigeria. Keywords: Alternative dispute resolution, family disputes, Matrimonial Causes Act, Nigeria. Introduction Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) proffers the easiest and fastest mechanisms of resolving disputes.[1] All its mechanisms encourage parties to dictate how their dispute should be resolved and also ensure that parties can maintain a relationship even after the dispute has been settled. Family relationships are complicated, and by extension, family disputes. Unlike business-related disputes, where parties do not necessarily have to be friends to work together, family disputes are usually emotional, and there is usually a need for parties to keep relating with one another even after the dispute settlement. Therefore, famil…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Alternative dispute resolution
  topic: keywords
subject: family disputes
  topic: keywords
subject: Matrimonial Causes Act
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Damilola Seun Adesanya
creator: Toluwalase Toluwalase
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 36
ending page: 52
doi: 10.36475/11.3.4

Securing Electronic Data and Safeguarding Personal Privacy in the Digital Environment (Pursuant to the Provisions of Algerian Law No. 18-07 on the Protection of Personal Data)
type: item
description: In the context of rapid digital advancement, securing data has become a central concern for both individuals and institutions. Data security refers to a broad set of technical and organizational practices aimed at preventing unauthorized access, alteration, or destruction of information. Rather than relying solely on encryption or access control tools, effective data protection involves a multilayered approach that includes user awareness, preventive policy frameworks, and continuous monitoring. Modern challenges to data security are increasingly complex due to the exponential growth of digital information and the evolving nature of cyber threats. Attackers now exploit vulnerabilities using sophisticated techniques, often bypassing traditional defenses. This highlights the urgent need for proactive strategies that combine technological safeguards with human-centered practices such as employee training and ethical data handling. Furthermore, the legal dimension of data security has gained prominence, with many jurisdictions enforcing stricter regulations to protect individuals’ rights. Legal compliance—particularly with frameworks like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)—is no longer optional but essential for maintaining organizational credibility and avoiding penalties. Ultimately, securing data in today’s interconnected world requires an ongoing commitment. It is not a fixed goal but a dynamic process that evolves with technological, legal, and social developments. Ensuring data security strengthens public trust, reinforces privacy principles, and lays a solid foundation for sustainable digital transformation. Keywords: Data, privacy, personal information, security, digital age, protection of personal data. Introduction Data and information constitute one of the most critical pillars of any company, often regarded as its most valuable assets. In the event of a breach, a company is bound to incur substantial losses, with its reputation inevitably damaged.…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Data
  topic: keywords
subject: privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: personal information
  topic: keywords
subject: security
  topic: keywords
subject: digital age
  topic: keywords
subject: protection of personal data
  topic: keywords
creator: Fadhel Aicha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 26
ending page: 35
doi: 10.36475/11.3.3

The Global Implications of South Africa’s Transformative Constitutionalism on Private Law Systems
type: item
description: This paper examines the global impact of South Africa’s model of transformative constitutionalism on private law systems. It explores how the South African Constitution’s mandate for systemic social change has reshaped the structure, function, and underlying assumptions of private law, both domestically and transnationally. Using a critical-comparative approach, the study analyses South African case law alongside developments in Germany, Colombia, and Canada. The central argument is that South Africa’s experience challenges the classical liberal view of private law as autonomous from public law values, revealing a constitutionalised private sphere in which rights, duties, and remedies are interpreted through the lens of substantive justice. The paper also cautions against naïve universalism: the transplantation of transformative constitutionalism is neither linear nor frictionless, as it interacts with diverse legal cultures, political economies, and institutional capacities. South Africa’s experience thus serves both as a template and a provocation—encouraging private law systems worldwide to rethink their normative commitments, while highlighting the complexities and contestations inherent in juridical transformation. Keywords: transformative constitutionalism, private law, South Africa, constitutionalisation, comparative law, substantive justice. Introduction The constitutional transition that South Africa underwent in 1994 is often hailed as one of the most ambitious legal and social projects of the modern era. At its core was not merely the replacement of one political regime with another, but a profound reimagination of the role of law itself as an instrument of societal transformation. Emerging from a history of systemic oppression, the South African Constitution of 1996 enshrines values such as dignity, equality, and freedom, not as abstract ideals but as actionable mandates to reconstruct the social and economic fabric of society. Central to this project is…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: transformative constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: private law
  topic: keywords
subject: South Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutionalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative law
  topic: keywords
subject: substantive justice
  topic: keywords
creator: William Manga Mokofe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 25
doi: 10.36475/11.3.2

Economic Liberty in Digital Market and Digital Competition Legislation: Indian Context
type: item
description: The rise of extraordinary digital platforms raised issues of monopolistic behaviours, market concentration, and digital ecosystem power balance, which complicated economic liberty protection in the digital age by compromising economic freedom, such as fair competition, innovation, and customer care. This paper focuses on the Digital Competition Bill from India 2024, a crucial piece of legislation that attempts to lure the digital market monopolies from threats and culminate in a model of economic liberty in a digital economy. The bill aims to regulate “gatekeeper” platforms, those huge digital companies that lead access to markets and services across the Internet, against a number of anti-competitive practices, including self-preferencing, exploitation of data, and restrictive business terms brought into the picture for the benefit of another party. Such an act of practice mostly cuts off the competition, disallows minimum market access for small entities, and hampers the overall consumer experience. The Digital Competition Bill, therefore, seeks to create a level regulatory field for large and small representatives in the marketplace so that innovation and abuse of access to digital opportunities are promoted. The paper will also examine in detail how this particular law on digital competition, the Digital Competition Bill, mentioned above, helps create a conducive digital market environment to realize economic liberty for companies, small and big. This study argues that a Digital Competition Bill can change the country’s approach to regulating digital market competition, provide an adequate framework for fostering economic liberty in digital markets. Keywords: Competition law, economic liberty, digital market, digital competition law, free market Introduction Economic freedom is one of the basic pillars of democratic capitalism and expresses the principles of free markets, whereby individuals and businesses are unhindered in their economic pursuits without excessi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Competition law
  topic: keywords
subject: economic liberty
  topic: keywords
subject: digital market
  topic: keywords
subject: digital competition law
  topic: keywords
subject: free market
  topic: keywords
creator: Biranchi Narayan P. Panda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Creative Commons https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.36475/11.3.1

Interpretation of Marriage Law Determination: An Analysis Study of the Adult Age of Marriage in Indonesia
type: item
description: This study addresses the implementation challenges of Indonesia’s Law No. 16 of 2019, which amended Law No. 1 of 1974 regarding marriage. The previous law set minimum marriage ages at 19 for men and 16 for women; the 2019 amendment raised the minimum age for women to 19, standardizing it for both sexes. A key issue highlighted is that this legal age limit may not fully account for the necessary biological, sociological, and other preparations essential for marriage, despite the aim of legal reform to protect family integrity. The research specifically focuses on the implications of this minimum marriage age from the perspective of Islamic law. Using a qualitative, descriptive-analytical library research method with an Islamic law approach, the study examines the differing views on the concept of maturity for marriage. The findings indicate that while the previous age of 16 for women was often considered adolescence in terms of overall maturity, the new legal age of 19 for both men and women is generally regarded as adulthood and deemed prepared for initiating family life within the framework of Islamic law. Keywords: Interpretation, legal determination, marriage, adult age. Introduction The existence of Islamic family law, especially in the study of limiting the age of marriage, is endless and deserves to be discussed from time to time, but it also attracts the attention of legislators, academics, and family law observers who study it from their respective scientific perspectives. However, studying in depth the modernization of Islamic family law through the issue of the age of marriage in Indonesia, of course, cannot be separated from the study of the social history of Islamic marriage law which has been recorded in the study of Islamic law.[1] In the renewal of Islamic family law, it is necessary to explore the important aspects behind the social dynamics in the discussion of Islamic family law.[2] The Islamic family law justice system, as one part of the national…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Interpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: legal determination
  topic: keywords
subject: marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: adult age
  topic: keywords
creator: Asman, M. Ag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 112
ending page: 130
doi: 10.36475/11.2.10

Response to Incitement: Call for Algeria Sanctions (International Legal Analysis)
type: item
description: The consequences of the war in Ukraine have reached beyond Europe, significantly impacting regions such as the southern Mediterranean. Within this geopolitical context, Algeria—although maintaining a neutral stance in the conflict—is often perceived by Western actors as a longstanding ally of Russia. This perception has triggered political reactions in the United States, particularly among a minority group in Congress led by Representative McClain, who has suggested the possibility of imposing sanctions on Algeria. This article explores the legal nature and potential implications of such a proposal, questioning its validity and examining its alignment with international law. In doing so, we aim to assess whether the proposed measures fall within the permissible boundaries of unilateral coercive actions or constitute an overreach with no solid legal foundation. Moreover, this paper critically evaluates the broader impact of the report on regional stability, arguing that it may contribute to escalating tensions in an already fragile geopolitical landscape. Keywords: Report, sanctions, American Congress, international law, protection. Introduction The war in Ukraine has revealed some weaknesses and even some disorder in the joint American-European reaction. It is above all a question of the somewhat soft approach of the Franco-Italian German trio compared to its hard corollary from the USA, notably under the auspices of the former Biden administration, the United Kingdom and the rest of the EU, especialy the eastern bloc of Europe, such as Poland and the Baltic countries. About this war, its beginning was marked by condemnation of the act of aggression coming from Russia and altering the sovereignty of a UN member country (UN/GA/12407, 2 March 2022).[1] And subsequently, some authors tried to justify the American interference by looking for some legal arguments in this sense, such as the reference made to the rules of jus ad bellum.[2] In addition, and still within the…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Report
  topic: keywords
subject: sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: American Congress
  topic: keywords
subject: international law
  topic: keywords
subject: protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdelilah Choukry Sanef
creator: Belkacem Trouzine
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 97
ending page: 111
doi: 10.36475/11.2.9

The Russian Military Intervention in Ukraine: An Analysis through the Lens of International Law
type: item
description: Russian troops invaded Ukrainian territory on February 22, 2022, for the sake of defending its borders from the alleged NATO threat, led by the United States. This move created widespread legal debate, calling for a number of positions on whether Russia’s actions were justifiable self-defence in international law or breached the Geneva Conventions governing international humanitarian law. This research paper aims to bring to the fore the military activities carried out by Russian soldiers in Ukraine, taking into account the legality of such a military operation under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, which discusses the right to self-defence and exercise of the right of self-defence on the part of states. We shall also examine whether military intervention violates humanitarian law. The analysis shall use relevant legal documents, albeit more specifically, the 1949 Geneva Conventions, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998, in addition to using the United Nations Charter and those that are supplementary. To this effect, the paper will examine the subjectivity of operations to international law and humanitarian implications thereof towards Ukraine. The findings of this research on the legality of military interventions and state responsibilities according to international law will offer a complete appreciation of the legal and ethical dimensions of the conflict. Keywords: Intervention military, international humanitarian law, International Criminal Court. Introduction Under the new international order, the global arena has witnessed several military interventions aimed primarily at eliminating violations of international humanitarian law and human rights, as well as changing political regimes that infringe upon these rights. Regardless of the justifications presented for these military actions, a common characteristic is the use of armed force against the integrity and independence of states, which undermines their role as the largest sp…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intervention military
  topic: keywords
subject: international humanitarian law
  topic: keywords
subject: International Criminal Court
  topic: keywords
creator: Atik Ali
creator: Khalfallah Faouzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 84
ending page: 96
doi: 10.36475/11.2.8

The Efficacy of “Anti-Gender-Based Violence Laws” in Addressing the Scourge of Gender-Based Violence in South Africa
type: item
description: South Africa has encountered a notable increase in incidents of gender-based violence (GBV) over recent years. The failure of South Africa’s criminal justice system to effectively address GBV cases has resulted in the stigmatisation of the system. Consequently, the public’s trust in the criminal justice system has diminished. In 2023, three ‘‘anti-GBV laws were enacted; these laws aimed at combating GBV, namely the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, the Criminal and Related Matters Amendment Act, and the Domestic Violence Amendment Act (DVVA). This study evaluates the efficacy of these laws in mitigating the prevalence of GBV in South Africa. Specifically, the research seeks to determine whether the anti-GBV laws offer protection to victims both before and after their rights are violated by perpetrators of gender-based violence. Additionally, the study investigates whether these laws expedite the legal processes involved in handling GBV cases. A comparison is made between the newly enacted laws and the Domestic Violence Act, which is recognised as the primary legislation governing GBV in South Africa. Recommendations are provided regarding the effective implementation of preventive legal measures outlined in the DVAA to safeguard GBV victims and combat the escalating rates of GBV in South Africa. This is a qualitative study, and it draws its insights from various sources, including articles, case law, legislation, the Constitution, and international legal frameworks. Keywords: Gender-based violence, victims, anti-GBV laws. Introduction Gender-based violence (GBV) is defined as the ‘violence that is directed at an individual based on his or her gender. It includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse; threats; coercion; arbitrary deprivation of liberty; and economic deprivation, whether occurring in public or private life. Gender-based violence takes on many forms and can occur throughout the lifecycle.[1] The article’s main focus …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender-based violence
  topic: keywords
subject: victims
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-GBV laws
  topic: keywords
creator: Paul S. Masumbe
creator: Pumza Nomnganga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 75
ending page: 83
doi: 10.36475/11.2.7

The Compromise Nature of Property Rights in Action – Tolerating Neighboring Nuisances?
type: item
description: This article explores the evolving conception of property rights as individual entitlements and socially embedded institutions, emphasizing neighbor law and the duty of tolerance. While civil-law traditions traditionally conceptualize ownership as an exclusive and absolute right, modern legal systems increasingly recognize that property must serve a social function and coexist with the rights and interests of others. Using the Georgian legal framework (Article 175 of the Civil Code), the paper examines how legal norms mediate conflicts between neighboring property owners, particularly where environmental degradation or industrial activity undermines the peaceful enjoyment or economic use of property. The article emphasizes the role of regulatory mechanisms, such as environmental and construction standards, and highlights the judiciary’s critical function in determining the permissible scope of interference on a case-by-case basis. Drawing upon the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, it analyzes how the Court balances individual property rights under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 with broader concerns addressed under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. By integrating national legal norms with international human rights standards, the article aims to delineate a coherent framework for resolving property-related conflicts in a manner that respects both private autonomy and the public interest. Key words: Property rights, environmental disturbance, tolerating neighboring nuisance. Introduction As a foundational element of a free and democratic society, property rights underpin individual liberty and enable personal development.[1] Far from being merely an economic asset, property provides a sphere of autonomy, continuity, and control in which individuals exercise self-determination, assume responsibility, and fully participate in social and economic life.[2] In civil-law traditions, ownership is traditionally conceived as an exclusive, a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Property rights
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental disturbance
  topic: keywords
subject: tolerating neighboring nuisance
  topic: keywords
creator: Nino Meskhishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 60
ending page: 74
doi: 10.36475/11.2.6

The Right to the Secret of Correspondence and Its Legal Protection
type: item
description: Respecting the private life of man is one of the most prominent basic rights guaranteed by positive laws and divine laws, as it is a pillar of human dignity and individual freedom. This right includes preserving human secrets and not dispensing them without his/her explicit consent, or outside the framework of a legitimate and justified judicial order. The principle of correspondence is considered one of the most important applications of this right, as it includes all correspondence and communications between individuals, whether written, electronic, or even oral, as long as it relates to their privacy and they do not want to inform others. Private secrets are an integral part of private life, and they include all information or an incident related to a person and affects his/her interests, such as health data, family relationships, intellectual and religious inclinations, financial situation, and others. The law was approved to protect these secrets, stressing the necessity of preserving them and not being infringed, as Islamic law affirmed this principle through the prohibition of espionage and followed the nakedness of people, in respect of their humanity and the maintenance of their dignity. Accordingly, any violation of these secrets is a serious prejudice to the basic rights of man and requires legal accountability, as it is inconsistent with moral principles. Keywords: Public freedoms, correspondence confidentiality, privacy, legal protection, constitutional amendment 2020. Introduction There is no doubt that personal freedoms come to the forefront of freedoms as necessary for the possibility of enjoying other public freedoms, as they are a condition for the existence of other public freedoms. Some have expressed personal freedoms in the term “individual freedoms in the full sense of the word”, Les Libertés Individuelles Premièrement Dites, because personal freedoms represent the center of the circle for all other freedoms. In the context of personal freedom…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Public freedoms
  topic: keywords
subject: correspondence confidentiality
  topic: keywords
subject: privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: legal protection
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional amendment 2020
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdelhadi Derrar
creator: Nassima Derrar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 52
ending page: 59
doi: 10.36475/11.2.5

Towards a Special Compensation System Aligned with the Unique Nature of Civil Liability for Medical Applications of Genetic Engineering
type: item
description: Medical civil liability has attracted significant attention from researchers due to the issues it raises, especially those related to the use of modern practical, medical, and biological means in treatment and diagnosis. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of traditional civil liability rules in compensating for damages resulting from the use of genetic engineering in the medical field, focusing on Algerian and comparative legal systems. The study finds that the current judicial mechanism of fault-providing compensation is not sufficient now to satisfy the demands of modern medical risks, and therefore, there should be new models of compensation reflecting the peculiar nature of medical liability and reinforcing and supplementing judicial protection of patients harmed by modern medical procedures. In addition, this research takes into account future ethical challenges in genetic use and addresses alternative models of compensation being proposed in other jurisdictions. The study points towards the need for urgent legislative reform that balances. Keywords: Compensation system, medical liability, civil liability, genetic engineering. Introduction The technology has become essential in medical and therapeutic research, a landmark in modern science, particularly in gene therapy and early disease detection, rather than detection at an advanced level. Yet whereas these technologies are bringing enormous benefits, their increasing use exposes patients to risk from therapeutic or experimental treatments with unanticipated physical health effects in the long term. On the one hand, they appear to be offering cures for difficult-to-treat diseases; on the other, they raise serious legal and ethical concerns. Their use can, in some cases, cause physical or psychological harm to patients. This reality makes it necessary for there to be a strict legal framework to control their use—a framework that honors bodily integrity and protects individuals against harm. In such an…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Compensation system
  topic: keywords
subject: medical liability
  topic: keywords
subject: civil liability
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic engineering
  topic: keywords
creator: Yekhlef Abdelkader
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 38
ending page: 51
doi: 10.36475/11.2.4

Towards the Obligation of Warning Imposed on Banks: A Reading of French Judicial Decisions
type: item
description: The financial crisis and its consequences on households have led the judge to strengthen borrower protections in terms of granting credit. Whether these are granted to professionals or to non-professionals, this is how the concept of uninformed borrower and the duty to warn gradually emerged. The result of hesitant jurisprudential developments, the duty to warn is not applied in the same way depending on the status of the borrower. Therefore, it must be about the legal frameworks. If it appears that the bank’s warning commitment comes into conflict with the bank’s principle of non-interference in the client’s affairs, then in reality its intervention in this obligation is primarily through the elaboration a plan and technical support in the form of warnings, which consists of exercising caution in accordance with what is contained in banking practices. It imposed new obligations on the banker in granting credit, since he was successively subject to the obligation to inform, then to the obligation to advise to guide the borrower, and finally to the obligation to warn, thus giving the bank an active role. Based on this information, the following question arises: What are the legal controls to comply with the warning, the violation of which entails the bank’s liability? Keywords: Bank, duty to warn, uninformed borrower, customer, case law, risks. Introduction The banking sector is one of the most important pillars of the economy. The credit function is also considered the most important of all, given its role in generating profits for banks in particular and for the economy in general. While the credit function of banks contributes to economic development by financing various projects, it is also a fundamental factor in economic collapse, as it involves assuming risks that cause banking crises that threaten the stability of the country’s banking and financial sector. Although banks are committed to upholding high ethical standards in the distribution of credit, they ca…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bank
  topic: keywords
subject: duty to warn
  topic: keywords
subject: uninformed borrower
  topic: keywords
subject: customer
  topic: keywords
subject: case law
  topic: keywords
subject: risks
  topic: keywords
creator: Bouzidi Iliyes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 29
ending page: 37
doi: 10.36475/11.2.3

Hague Systems on Industrial Designs Protection as an Optimization of IMT-GT ASEAN Economic Cooperation
type: item
description: In the industrial design rights protection regime of IMT-GT ASEAN member countries, there are two instruments as a framework, namely TRIPS and the Hague System. The Hague system is needed to elaborate on the different mechanisms in simplifying the unified design registration process, which simultaneously applies in several member countries. Still, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand have not yet completed ratifying the Hague System into national law and have not revised the legal regulations regarding industrial design in their countries, respectively. In Indonesia, there are still differences in the protection concept between what is regulated in TRIPS and the substance of the Industrial Design Law regarding first to use or first to file, and it still requires domestic registration. This normative legal research concludes the need for harmonization between the rules in treaties as a source of international law and national law, so that the clauses in trade cooperation contracts do not conflict with the laws of the respective countries that have ratified them. Unification through the Hague system also needs to be supported by expanding the scope of provinces implementing the IMT-GT cooperation project, followed by the strategic policies of each country. Keywords: Industrial design, IPR, Hague, IMT-GT. Introduction Indonesia’s commitment to optimizing regional trade cooperation between Indonesia and ASEAN countries has been realized through the formation of the ASEAN IMT-GT (Indonesia - Malaysia - Thailand Growth Triangle) sub-region since 1993 between the leaders of the three countries.[1] Until this year, IMT-GT cooperation projects have been implemented in real terms, including halal industry projects, technology industry cooperation, tourism, and industrial downstream in IMT-GT rubber cities and digital malls in the IMT-GT e-commerce platform.[2] Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand as WIPO member countries which are committed to the development of IPR since the promu…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Industrial design
  topic: keywords
subject: IPR
  topic: keywords
subject: Hague
  topic: keywords
subject: IMT-GT
  topic: keywords
creator: Cita Yustisia Serfiyani
creator: Zerry Akbar Yudisetyo
creator: Hikam Hulwanullah
creator: Mieke Yustia Ayu Ratna Sari
creator: Farida Prima Pratista
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 17
ending page: 28
doi: 10.36475/11.2.2

Dark Legacy of Zero Tolerance in Georgia (Criminal Punishment and Sentencing)
type: item
description: Following much-praised promises to reduce crime to zero Georgian Government in 2004 imposed a “zero tolerance” policy embodied in both criminal legislation and legal practice. The fateful phrase “No probation! Everybody to the prison!” explicitly indicated the way of thinking of government officials at that time. This, of course, primarily affected regulations on criminal punishment and sentencing. Unfortunately, the principle of proportionality was largely disregarded, and the goals of punishment were narrowed. In 2012, the new government faced all the consequences of such a one-sided approach – overcrowded prisons, massive human rights violations, etc. As expected, the policy was largely revised. Some radical regulations were repealed. For example, a judge was allowed to use absorption or partial addition of punishment when imposing a sentence in the case of cumulative crimes and cumulative sentences. Sadly, many instances of punishment, such as conditional sentence, imposing more lenient sentences than provided for by law, etc., remain unchanged, presenting the dark legacy of zero tolerance policy. Keywords: Punishment, sentencing, proportionality, zero tolerance. Introduction It is fair to say that Georgian criminal law has seen good, bad, and ugly for the last hundred years. The first two decades (1921-1941) of soviet occupation can safely be defined as the dark age. Both criminal legislature and justice system were oriented to simply punish as many people as possible and as severely as possible, ignoring even the nullum crimen sine lege principle. It is not surprising that such repressions in the 1920s and 1930s left a bleeding wound on both the state and society. Nevertheless, from the late 1950s, Georgian legal scholars once again aimed to implement a more elaborate approach. Namely, the principle of proportionality of criminal liability and punishment was reintroduced in and implemented in the Criminal Code of Georgia of 1960. After Georgia regained its ind…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Punishment
  topic: keywords
subject: sentencing
  topic: keywords
subject: proportionality
  topic: keywords
subject: zero tolerance
  topic: keywords
creator: Papuna Guruli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 16
doi: 10.36475/11.2.1

Environmental, Social, and Governance as Sustainability Solution for Women’s Rights in West Africa
type: item
description: In the West African corporate sector, the engagement of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles is becoming the trend and could be a transformative strategy for advancing women’s rights in West Africa. This paper examined the ESG framework as potential to act as a catalyst for sustainability especially in the context of gender equality in West Africa. By examining case studies, we show how ESG-focused policies can result in improved outcomes for women, including significant workplace equality, more representation in female leadership, and greater economic empowerment. Furthermore, we provided strategies for ESG principles in the context of West African legal structures. Our findings suggest that a primed ESG approach, tailored to the unique regional dynamics, can contribute significantly to the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the empowerment of women in the corporate sector. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers, corporate leaders, and stakeholders aiming to leverage ESG for social change and gender parity in West Africa. Keywords: Sustainability, ESG, Women’s Rights, Corporate Sector, West Africa Introduction Ever since the introduction of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, the sustainability discourse has kept expanding into various spheres of social endeavors. From gender equality to poverty reduction, there have been attempts to create credible solutions to social problems in a way that would bring a better balance in social processes. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles are concepts that are about consideration for the environment, social issues such as the rights and safety of workers and the community, and good management practices of the firm. The practice of ESG principles in firms, positions the corporate sector to be actively involved in the advancement of women’s rights. This is because ESG principles address factors that influence the realization of women’s rights such as clima…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: ESG
  topic: keywords
subject: Women’s Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Corporate Sector
  topic: keywords
subject: West Africa
  topic: keywords
creator: Sophia Abiri-Franklin
creator: Olusola Adesina Akinsanya
creator: Olalekan Moyosore Lalude
creator: Elisabeta Smaranda Olarinde
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 125
ending page: 135
doi: 10.36475/11.1.10

The Study of Right to Freedom of Expression, Digital Media Laws and Demand for Innovation
type: item
description: This paper provides an overview of the concept of the right to freedom of expression, the concept of digital media, relating and applicable laws as well as needed innovation in the existing legal framework to prohibit misinformation on digital media. Nowadays digital platforms are the prime platform for communication. This study highlights the right to freedom of expression at the National and International level with certain limitations. It explains legal protection for individuals and the responsibilities of digital media. It elaborates on key issues of sharing misinformation. This paper focuses on incidents of misuse of freedom of expression on digital media, case laws, recent developments, and international standards of digital governance as well as addresses the harms associated with misinformation shared on digital platforms. It suggests effective measures against digital abuse which will help to prohibit the misuse of the right to freedom of expression on various digital platforms. Keywords: Right to freedom of expression, media, digital media, laws and innovation Introduction Information communication technologies and the internet have become important parts of everyone’s life around the world. It is useful for improving openness and public debate in the society. But this right to freedom of expression is not absolute. It is with some restrictions. The same restrictions apply to the person who is sharing any kind of information on digital media platforms. There are various guidelines, conventions, and international action plans to cope with the situation of sharing misinformation, and misleading content as well as obscene, and defamatory, provocative, alarming information. The whole World is facing issues because of misuse of digital media technology and misuse of freedom of expression. Many more States are trying to adopt laws and policies to tackle such kinds of issues on a domestic level. Digital media has become the primary tool for sharing information i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Right to freedom of expression
  topic: keywords
subject: Media
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital media
  topic: keywords
subject: Laws and Innovation
  topic: keywords
creator: Gaikwad Sadhana
creator: Research Supervisor: Dr. Rajvardhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 114
ending page: 124
doi: 10.36475/11.1.9

License for Polygamy and the Spread of the Phenomenon of Informal Marriage: A Comparative Study between Islamic Law and Algerian Law Supported by Judicial Statistics
type: item
description: In many Arab and Islamic countries, family law historically imposed few restrictions on polygamy beyond the conditions prescribed by Islamic jurisprudence. These conditions typically included limiting polygamy to up to four wives, the ability to provide adequate financial support for each wife and a commitment to ensuring justice and equity among them. In Algeria, family law, as established in 1984, initially permitted polygamy as the default legal framework, albeit with specific restrictions designed to prevent its misuse by husbands. Among these restrictions were the requirements for financial capability and the fair treatment of all wives. However, the law did not mandate judicial authorization for the practice of polygamy. In 2005, the introduction of Law No. 05/02, which amended the 1984 family law, altered this provision by instituting a requirement for judicial authorization before a man could take a second wife. This change necessitated that the husband obtain permission from the president of the court in the jurisdiction where the marriage was registered. Keywords: License, polygamy, marriage, Islamic law, Algerian law. Introduction In many Arab and Islamic countries, family law historically imposed few restrictions on polygamy beyond the conditions prescribed by Islamic jurisprudence. These conditions typically included a limitation of up to four wives, the ability to provide adequate financial support for each wife and a commitment to ensuring justice and equity among them. However, with the independence of Arab and Islamic nations, their membership in the United Nations, and the ratification of various international human rights conventions, the landscape of family law has evolved in line with broader societal progress. The endorsement of international agreements, most notably the 1967 Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women and the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has played a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: License
  topic: keywords
subject: Polygamy
  topic: keywords
subject: Marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic law
  topic: keywords
subject: Algerian law
  topic: keywords
creator: H’oriya Souiki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 106
ending page: 113
doi: 10.36475/11.1.8

The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Legal Education and Research
type: item
description: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the legal profession has accelerated in recent decades, reshaping both the teaching and practice of law. This article explores the historical development of AI in the legal sector, its growing role in legal education, international best practices in AI-assisted teaching, and its transformative impact on legal research. By examining AI’s progression from early expert systems to advanced machine learning and natural language processing tools, the study demonstrates how AI aids in personalized learning, efficient case analysis, and predictive analytics. However, the article also addresses the major challenges posed by AI’s increasing influence, including ethical concerns, bias, data privacy, and skill gaps. It concludes by emphasizing the need for careful, ethically grounded, and strategically planned integration of AI into legal education and research, ensuring that technological innovations serve the overarching goals of justice and professional integrity. Keywords: Legal Research, Machine Learning, Ethics. Introduction The legal profession is experiencing a paradigm shift driven by rapid technological advancements. Traditionally, legal work has relied on human expertise for tasks such as drafting briefs, conducting in-depth legal research, and analyzing complex cases. Over the past two decades, however, the advent of AI (Artificial Intelligence) has introduced powerful new tools that augment human capabilities. ML (Innovations in Machine Learning), NLP (Natural Language Processing), and predictive analytics are fundamentally altering how lawyers work and how law students learn.[1] In this evolving landscape, legal education cannot remain static. Law schools must prepare future lawyers not only to interpret and apply legal rules but also to engage effectively with emerging technologies. AI-assisted legal research platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, and automated contract review tools are becoming standard in t…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal research
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethics
  topic: keywords
creator: Tatia Dolidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 92
ending page: 105
doi: 10.36475/11.1.7

Agricultural Crimes: A Threat to the Human Right to Food – The Case of Agroterrorism
type: item
description: Several biological terrorist incidents targeting the agricultural sector and food processing and distribution systems have significantly heightened global concerns about food security. This situation has intensified the focus on protecting the food supply chain, which has become an attractive target for bioterrorists. Such acts constitute a clear violation of the human right to food, particularly in countries that heavily depend on agriculture to meet their nutritional needs. The right to food is a fundamental human right, affirming that every individual is entitled to sufficient and nutritious food, free from discrimination. When agriculture is subjected to terrorist attacks, both the availability and the quality of food are jeopardized. Agro-terrorism can have severe repercussions on public health, the economy, and political stability, particularly in the absence of national policies and international legal frameworks imposing criminal penalties on biological attacks against non-human targets. This situation necessitates the establishment of an international monitoring system, the strengthening of preventive measures, and efforts to counter agricultural sabotage, all aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of agro-terrorism on the right to food and nutrition. Moreover, it is crucial to intensify efforts to ensure accountability and prevent the use of biological weapons, as human rights must be prioritized more than ever. Keywords: Right to food, agro-crimes, agro-terrorism, agriculture, food security. Introduction Agro-crimes and agro-terrorism are two distinct terms. Agro-crimes refer to illegal activities that impact the agricultural sector, such as tampering with agricultural products, pesticide fraud, or deliberately damaging agricultural resources, all of which harm the agricultural economy or the environment. In contrast, agro-terrorism involves the use of biological weapons or deliberate attacks targeting crops or livestock to cause chaos or threaten food …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Right to food
  topic: keywords
subject: Agro-crimes
  topic: keywords
subject: Agro-terrorism
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Food security
  topic: keywords
creator: Benguettat Khadidja
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 81
ending page: 91
doi: 10.36475/11.1.6

Issues of Perfecting the Ranks of Legal Heirs in Georgian Legislation
type: item
description: The article concerns the issue of the perfection of the ranks of legal heirs, the importance of marriage registration, and the prerequisites for its validity when receiving an inheritance. In Georgian reality, the law is often ignored, and spouses do not apply for official marriage registration in accordance with the procedure established by law when getting married. Marriage registration falls within the scope of state competence. For years, spouses have been living together in actual cohabitation, have children together, and are engaged in joint farming, but since they are not in a registered marriage, in the event of the death of one of the spouses, the other spouse cannot become his or her heir. The inheritance is received by the children of the deceased person or other relatives of the next order, while the surviving spouse remains without property, which, naturally, causes a great sense of injustice among people. This issue is one of the important and widespread problems in practice when talking about the improvement of the ranks of inheritance. It should be said how important the registration of marriage is for the emergence of rights and obligations between spouses, as well as for that particularly important right called the right to be an heir. The article discusses ways to equalize the actual cohabitation of spouses and registered marriage to improve the ranks of legal heirs. Keywords: Inheritance, legal, marriage, registration, spouses, cohabitation. Introduction Roman jurists were already discussing issues related to marriage, arguing that matters related to marriage should be regulated with precision.[1] The development of Roman law underlies much of European law. Ancient Georgian law was influenced by religion, defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman to create a family and procreation.[2] According to modern Georgian law, legal rights and obligations arise for individuals after marriage registration.[3] An unregistered family can be created…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inheritance
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal
  topic: keywords
subject: Marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Registration
  topic: keywords
subject: Spouses
  topic: keywords
subject: Cohabitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Guranda Misabishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 60
ending page: 80
doi: 10.36475/11.1.5

The Rwandan Courts Position on Impact of Criminal Proceedings on Arbitration Cases
type: item
description: Rwandan courts, including the Supreme Court, have confirmed that a principle known in French as “Le criminel tient le civil en état”, which is provided by the law relating to the criminal procedure and determines the relationship between criminal matter and civil matter that has a public order character. This means that neither the parties to the case nor the court can derogate from it whenever it comes to the knowledge of each. As a consequence, the criminal case has suspensive effect on the arbitration case as a civil case and ignoring this can lead to the award being set aside by a court. However, when it comes to its applicability, courts defer in interpretation on where and when to apply it. The Rwandan Supreme Court, in a case Soras Assurances Generales Ltd v. Tromea Ltd, refused to set aside the arbitral award in 2017, putting some limitation on the applicability where it maintained that this principle does not apply to every civil case involved by criminal action. However, in a case Kalpataru Power Transmission vs. Rwanda Energy Group held on 12.04.2024, the High Commercial Court set aside the arbitral award due to this principle, despite parties citing the Supreme Court jurisprudence in their pleadings, but the court advanced that the limitations are not clearly exhaustive. Therefore, since the Supreme Court did not clearly elaborate in which cases, the principle should be used and in which it should not, the present research, with the support of critical analysis of these two cases, is to probe into which effects the criminal case has on the arbitration case. The article proposes the possible recommendation of which criteria this principle can be applied for the limitation provided by the Supreme Court to be clear and exact. Keywords: Criminal case, arbitration case, court position, Rwanda. Introduction Rwanda is positioning itself at the international terrain for investment. This means that not only infrastructure should be developed and improved, but als…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Criminal Case
  topic: keywords
subject: Arbirtation Case
  topic: keywords
subject: Court Position
  topic: keywords
subject: Rwanda
  topic: keywords
creator: Denis Ngendahayo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 47
ending page: 59
doi: 10.36475/11.1.4

The Abortion of Deformed Fetus Between Criminalization and the Legitimacy of Therapeutic Pregnancy Termination in Algerian Law
type: item
description: This article examines a critical and highly debated issue concerning the abortion of a deformed fetus, a topic that continues to provoke significant legal and ethical discussions. Abortion, as addressed by statutory legislation, balances two competing rights: the fetus’s right to life and the woman’s right to bodily autonomy. Algerian law, however, gives precedence to the fetus’s right to life, whether the fetus is healthy or deformed, and criminalizes intentional abortion, whether performed by the mother or a third party. The crime is deemed complete when its legal elements are fulfilled, except in cases of necessity. The Penal Code explicitly exempts cases where the mother’s life is at risk, recognizing therapeutic abortion as a lawful exception. Additionally, Health Law No. 18-11 allows for therapeutic termination of pregnancy when the mother’s life or psychological and mental well-being is threatened, provided that the procedure is conducted in a public healthcare institution. However, the law does not explicitly address the issue of deformed fetuses, leaving this matter without a clear legal directive. Keywords: Abortion, crime, deformed fetus, therapeutic pregnancy termination, necessity. Introduction The right to life is protected by international and national laws and is considered the most fundamental right associated with human beings. Violation of this right is a punishable offence. In addition, the fetus in the mother’s womb is granted certain rights by law, the most important of which is the right to life, which manifests itself in its stability in the mother’s womb. This protection is intended to protect it from actions that might prevent it from being born alive, referred to in positive legislation as abortion. Abortion is generally criminalized, with exceptions allowing it in certain cases. This applies to a healthy fetus; however, medical advances may reveal the existence of a fetus with congenital malformations, resulting in the birth of a child wi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Abortion
  topic: keywords
subject: Crime
  topic: keywords
subject: Deformed Fetus
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic Pregnancy Termination
  topic: keywords
subject: Necessity
  topic: keywords
creator: Belabbas Amel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 35
ending page: 46
doi: 10.36475/11.1.3

The National Judiciary as an Exceptional Measure in the Face of the Crimes of the Zionist Entity in the Gaza Strip
type: item
description: In light of the inability of the United Nations to stop the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip, as the official sponsor of international peace and security, many countries are calling for the application of the law of war between states to occupied Palestine. However, reality proves that the application of this law was and still is merely ink on paper in the Palestinian case, because the international will is very much in solidarity with the occupier, this does not prevent Israel’s crimes from being documented to be put before international courts in the future, as happened in the war crimes of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sierra Leone, and Rwanda, or national courts as the alternative or available option for states in accordance with what was stipulated in the four Geneva Conventions. Therefore, it must direct the national judiciary towards what is known as universal jurisdiction to pursue war criminals in the Gaza Strip. Keywords: International peace and security; war crimes; international justice; universal jurisdiction. Introduction The Palestinian issue is one of the most complex international issues for decades, due to its historical importance related to the rights of the Palestinian people and their existence in occupied Palestine and the Middle East region. This issue is linked to a series of events and developments that the region has witnessed since the Balfour Declaration, from a bloody conflict that has affected the lives of millions of people after the establishment of Zionism andthe immigration of Jews to Palestine and the settlement of the region, due to the role played by the major powers in these events. What happened in the Gaza Strip starting in October 2023 is nothing more than a series of uprisings against the Israeli occupation of Palestine since the 1950s. However, the Israeli response this time has reached its peak with direct targeting of civilians due to Israel’s sense of humiliation in the wake of the operation led by the resistance factions…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Khalfallah Faouzi
creator: Atik Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 21
doi: 10.36475/11.1.1

Harmonization of Notary Honorarium Arrangement Related to the Notarial Deed Authority: Toward Legal Certainty
type: item
description: This research aims to examine and analyze the legal consequences caused by the degradation of the notary honorarium from the perspective of the principle of legal certainty. In addition, this research also focuses on identifying and formulating the basis for consideration to harmonize the regulation of notary honorarium. This research uses a normative research method, which analyzes laws and regulations related to the topic discussed. The research approach uses statutory, analytical, and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials consist of rules and regulations relevant to the research issue and secondary legal materials consist of research results, literature, seminars, discussions, and information from internet sources. The technique of collecting legal materials was carried out through literature studies, and legal documents. The legal materials that have been collected are analyzed using a qualitative descriptive analysis method. The disharmony between the Law on Notary Position and the Notary Code of Ethics regarding honorariums creates legal confusion. The Law on Notary Position only regulates the maximum honorarium without providing a minimum limit, while the Code of Ethics sets a minimum honorarium. This creates a dilemma for notaries, between complying with the Law on Notary Position or facing ethical sanctions. Weak supervision also exacerbates the problem and triggers unfair honorarium competition. Therefore, it needed legal harmonization between the Law of Notary and the Code of Notary Ethics toward legal certainty. Keywords: Harmonization, Notary Honorarium Arrangement, the Notarial Deed Authority, Legal Certainty. Introduction The authority of a Notary as a public official to create authentic deeds and other authorities is expressly regulated in Article 1 point 1 of Law No. 2 of 2014 on the Amendment to Law No. 30 of 2004 on Notary Position (hereinafter referred to as Amendment to Law on Notary Position). The authority of a Notary in making authen…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Harmonization
  topic: keywords
subject: Notary Honorarium Arrangement
  topic: keywords
subject: Notarial Deed Authority
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Certainty
  topic: keywords
creator: Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan
creator: Suksma Prijandhini Devi Salain
creator: I Gst. Ngr. Bgs. Putra Prianatha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Law and world
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 22
ending page: 34
doi: 10.36475/11.1.2