Correction and Retraction Policy

Post-publication article correction or retraction may be initiated by the authors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, academic institutions, or independent experts.

Each request will be carefully reviewed by the editorial board on a case-by-case basis, in accordance with the journal’s Code of Ethics and the guidelines of COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics), ensuring the accuracy, integrity, and transparency of the academic record.

Corrections

Post-publication corrections are permitted only to address technical inaccuracies and must not affect the substantive content of the research.

A technical inaccuracy is defined as a minor error that does not affect the substance or interpretation of the research. Examples include:

  • Numerical data adjustments (e.g., a percentage or figure typo)
  • Author name or institutional affiliation correction
  • Hyperlink or reference formatting issues

Such corrections must not compromise the reliability of the research or affect the validity of the conclusions.

In the case of a technical correction, the journal will publish a corresponding statement — a Correction Notice — indicating the source of the error (either the author or the editorial office).

The Correction Notice will be published on the journal’s official website and reflected in the updated PDF version of the article with an appropriate note.

Retractions

An article may be retracted under the following circumstances:

  • Plagiarism or data fabrication is identified.
  • Significant methodological or factual errors are discovered that affect the reliability or validity of the research.
  • Serious ethical violations are detected (e.g., defamation, infringement of legal rights, misrepresentation of authorship, undisclosed conflicts of interest, etc.).
  • Duplicate or redundant publication is identified (i.e., the same content published in multiple venues without proper acknowledgment).
  • The use of falsified data, fictitious authorship, or fraudulent affiliations is confirmed.
  • Retraction is mandated by a legally binding court order.

If the editorial board decides to retract an article, the author(s) will be promptly notified with a detailed explanation of the decision.

Retracted articles will remain in the journal’s database with their DOI preserved. However, the article will be clearly labeled as Retracted in the title and throughout the content, including a formal retraction statement in the PDF version.

Retraction notices will be openly accessible on the journal’s official website and, if necessary, disseminated through additional relevant platforms.

The editorial board will assess the responsibility of the author(s) and, if appropriate, take further actions in accordance with the journal’s Code of Ethics.