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Volume 8, Issue 2


Military Booty as a Source of Property Rights in Ancient Georgian Law

Authors: Ana Tsignadze

Ana Tsignadze

PhD student of the TSU Law Faculty, Assistant at TSU Faculty of Law

Email: ana.tsignadze@tsu.ge



Affiliation: PhD student of the TSU Law Faculty, Assistant at TSU Faculty of Law

Abstract: Institute of Feudal Property Rights’ fundamental research is important for studying the Georgian law institutions of this period. The original means of obtaining property rights, including military trophy, have not yet been well explored. Due to peculiarities of feudal relations, the only thing that always connected the royal government with the fiefs during the period of Georgia’s unification or fragmentation into kingdoms was the obligation to military campaigns. Commitments were imposed not only to the secular but also to the ecclesiastical feudal lords. At the same time, depending on the form of military organization, permanent, mercenary or regular troops had different rules for capturing spoils of war and distributing them. The paper presents the main features of military booty as one of the important sources of acquisition of ownership in the old Georgian law. The paper examines rules for obtaining ownership of enemy property in feudal Georgia, the order of division of seized property between warriors of crusades and other authorized persons, and also examines the factors on which the legality of spoils of war was depended. The paper discusses issues such as: descriptive terms of spoils of war; property obtained by the sword as a indisputable property; Tradition of taking Panjiak – King Panjiak; The amount of the officers’ share in the booty, which was allocated either from Panjiaki or from the rest of the property.

Keywords: Military booty, Acquisition of property rights, Fanjiaki ,


Language: GE

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Bibliography:

SOURCES:

  1. Gaius institutions, Monuments of Roman Law, Latin Translation, preface, notes, search engine, and dictionary, were attached by N. Surguladze (2011). Tbilisi: University Press (In Georgian)
  2. Justinian Institutions, Monuments of Roman Law, Latin Translation, preface, notes, and search engines were attached by N. Surguladze, (2002). Tbilisi: Meridian (In Georgian)
  3. Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji (In Georgian)
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  5. Monuments of Georgian Law. Text was published, also, notes and search engines were attached to it by Is. Dolidze., (1965). Tbilisi: Sciense, II (In Georgian)
  6. Shota Rustaveli, Vepkhistkaosani, Dictionary was compiled by A. Shanidze, (1957). Tbilisi: University Publishing House (In Georgian)
  7. Son of Davit – Sumbat, Bagratonians’ Life, Monuments of Georgian Historical Writing. Text was prepared for publication, also, research, notes and search engines were attached by G. Arakhamia, (1990). Tbilisi: Science, VIII (In Georgian)
  8. Vakhtang VI Law Books Collection, Monuments of Georgian Law. The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze (1963). Tbilisi: Sciense, I (In Georgian)

SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE:

  1. Zenker G. Th., (1866). Turkish-Arabic-Persian dictionary. Leipzig (In German)
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  3. Abuladze, I., (1970). Georgian versions of the Old Testament apocrypha, X-XVIII centuries. According to the manuscripts. Tbilisi: Science, I, Ezra T, 4, Science. (In Georgian)
  4. Andronikashvili M., (1965). On the entry of Arabic words into Georgian through Persian. Proceedings of Tbilisi State University, Vol. 105. (In Georgian).
  5. Antelava Il., (1980). Issues of socio-political history of Georgia in XI-XV centuries. Tbilisi: Education. (In Georgian).
  6. Anchabadze, G., (2010). Issues of military history of Georgia (before 1921). Tbilisi: Ilia State University Publishing House. (In Georgian).
  7. Topchishvili, R., (2007). Ethnography of the peoples of the Caucasus, ethnic history, ethnic culture. Tbilisi: Wagon. (In Georgian).
  8. Lomidze, V., Sources of Acquisition of Property Rights in Georgian Law (Treasure, Found, Acquired Limitation), Dissertation, 2004, 25-27. https://evergreen.tsu.ge/eg/opac/record/253940?contains=contains;_special=1;detail_record_view=0;qtype=item_barcode;query=900001466257;locg=1 [Last accessed 17.05.2022] (In Georgian).
  9. Meskhia, Sh., (1948). Materials about the official formation of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti. Tbilisi: I. (In Georgian).
  10. Silogava V., (1981). Will of David the Builder to Shiomghvimi (1123/1124). Multi-chapter: Philosophical-Historical Researches, Vol. 9. (In Georgian).
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  12. Glonti, A., (1974). Kilo-words of speech. Tbilisi: Education, Vol. 1, 2, Education. (In Georgian)
  13. Shota Rustaveli, panther-skinned, compiled by A. Shanidze, (1957). Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Publishing House. (In Georgian)
  14. Tsagareishvili, E., (1971). Armenian sources on Arab-Georgian relations. Multi-chapter: Philological-historical research, science. (In Georgian)
  15. Khubua M., (1940). From Georgian-Iranian relations, to Academician Ivane Javakhishvili on the 40th anniversary of his scientific activity (1899- 1939). Tbilisi: Acad. ნ. Bulletin of the Mari Institute of Language, History and Material Culture, V-VI. (In Georgian)
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DICTIONARIES:

  1. Bartoshek, M., (1989). Roman law, concepts, terms, definitions. Moscow: Juridical literature (In Russian).
  2. Abuladze, I., (1973). Dictionary of the Old Georgian Language (materials). Tbilisi: Science (In Georgian)
  3. Melikset-Begi, L., (1996). Armenian-Georgian dictionary, that was processed, filled and prepared for publication by M. Robakidze. Tbilisi: Nekeri (In Georgian)
  4. Neiman A., (1978). Dictionary of Georgian Synonyms. Tbilisi (In Georgian)
  5. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Georgian Words Dictionary, which is edited and foreworded by S. Iordanashvili, (1949). Tbilisi: State Publishing House of the Georgian SSR (In Georgian)
  6. Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language, edited by A. Chikobava., (1986). Tbilisi: Sciences Academy of the Georgian SSR, Linguistics Institute, Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, one-volume (In Georgian)
  7. Ethnographic Dictionary of Georgian Material Culture, Metreveli. R. (Ed.) (2011). Tbilisi, Meridian, Tbilisi (In Georgian)
  8. Chubinashvili N., (1961). Georgian Dictionary with Russian Translation, by the system of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Al. Glonti (Ed.) Tbilisi (In Georgian)

Notes:

  1. Gaius institutions, Monuments of Roman Law. Latin Translation, preface, notes, search engine, and dictionary, were attached by N. Surguladze, (2011). Tbilisi: University Press, 70; Justinian Institutions, Monuments of Roman Law. Latin Translation, preface, notes, and search engines were attached by N. Surguladze, (2002). Tbilisi: Meridian, Tbilisi, 56.
  2. Bartoshek, M., (1989). Roman law, concepts, terms, definitions. Moscow: Juridical literature, 213.
  3. Monument to the Eristavs (Family Chronicle of the Ksnis Eristavs), (1954). The text was published, researched, also, a dictionary and a search engine were attached by Sh. Meskhia. Tbilisi: Materials for the Georgian and the Caucasian History, Plot 30.
  4. Abuladze, I., (1973). “Dictionary of the Old Georgian Language” (materials). Tbilisi: Science
  5. In the old Georgian language, there are a lot of non-basic terms denoting booty and words synonymous with them, so we considered it inappropriate to discuss them all.
  6. Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 505.
  7. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, (1949). Georgian Words Dictionary, which is edited and foreworded by S. Iordanashvili. Tbilisi: State Publishing House of the Georgian SSR, 23.
  8. Chubinashvili N., (1961). Georgian Dictionary with Russian Translation, by the system of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani.
  9. Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language, edited by A. Chikobava, (1986). Tbilisi: Sciences Academy of the Georgian SSR, Linguistics Institute, Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, one-volume, 23
  10. Andronikashvili M., (1965). On the Entry of Arabic Words into Georgian language through Persia. Tbilisi: Proceedings of Tbilisi State University, Vol. 105, 310. See: Zenker G. Th., (1866). Dictionnaire turc-arabe-persane. Leipzig, 84.
  11. Janashvili M., (1910). My Notes Around Rustaveli, Description, Texts, Dictionary, Electronic Print of S. M. Losaberidze. Tiflisi: XIV, 12
  12. Juanshery, Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 505.
  13. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, (1949). Georgian Words Dictionary, which is edited and foreworded by S. Iordanashvili. Tbilisi: State Publishing House of the Georgian SSR, 254.
  14. Ibid.
  15. Chubinashvili N., (1961). Georgian Dictionary with Russian Translation, by the system of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani.
  16. Ibid.
  17. Ibid.
  18. Abuladze, I., (1970). “Dictionary of the Old Georgian Language” (materials). Tbilisi: Science.
  19. Juanshery, Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 169.
  20. Matiane of Kartli, Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 169.
  21. Leonty Mroveli, Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 59.
  22. Ibid.
  23. Juanshery, Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 171.
  24. Anchabadze, G., (2010). Military History Issues of Georgia (before 1921). Tbilisi: Ilia State University, 93.
  25. Monuments of Georgian Law, (1965). Text was published, also, notes and search engines were attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Science, II, 115
  26. Neiman A., (1978). Dictionary of Georgian Synonyms. Tbilisi, 559
  27. Chubinashvili N., (1961). Georgian Dictionary with Russian Translation, by the system of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani
  28. Abuladze, I., 1970. “Georgian versions of the Old Testament Apocrypha”. Tbilisi: Science, I, 439.
  29. Topchishvili, R., (2007). The Caucasian Peoples Ethnography, Ethnic History, Ethnic Culture. Tbilisi: Universal, 86.
  30. Ibid.
  31. Kurtsikidze, Ts., (1971). Georgian editions of Ezra’s apocalypse, Multi-chapter, philological and historical researches. Tbilisi: Science, 95. M. Shavrov, (1861). On the third book of Ezdra (an experience of research on apocryphal books). St. Petersburg, 56.
  32. Melikset-Begi, (1996). l. Armenian-Georgian dictionary, that was processed, filled and prepared for publication by M. Robakidze. Tbilisi: Nekeri.
  33. Silogava V., (1981). The Will of David the Builder to Shiomghvimi (1123/1124 years). Tbilisi: Multi-chapter: Philosophical and Historical Researches, Vol. 9, 97.
  34. Son of Davit – Sumbat, Bagratonians’ Life, Monuments of Georgian Historical Writing, (1990). Text was prepared for publication, also, research, notes and search engines were attached by Goneli Arakhamia. Tbilisi: Science, VIII, 56.
  35. Mateane of Kartli, Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji,281.
  36. Lomidze, V., (2004). Sources of Acquisition of Property Rights in Georgian Law (Treasure, found, acquired limitation), Tbilisi, 25-27. https://evergreen.tsu.ge/eg/opac/record/253940?contains=contains;_special=1;detail_record_view=0;qtype=item_barcode;query=900001466257;locg=1 [Last seen: 17.05.2022]
  37. Melikset-Begi, (1996). l. Armenian-Georgian dictionary, that was processed, filled and prepared for publication by M. Robakidze. Tbilisi: Neker
  38. Abuladze, I., (1970). “Dictionary of the Old Georgian Language” (materials). Tbilisi: Science.
  39. Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language, edited by A. Chikobava, (1986). Tbilisi: Sciences Academy of the Georgian SSR, Linguistics Institute, Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, one-volume, 126, 143.
  40. Metreveli. R. (Ed.), (2011). Ethnographic Dictionary of Georgian Material Culture. Tbilisi: Meridian, Tbilisi, 2011.
  41. Mateane of Kartli, Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 289.
  42. Chronicler, “Century Chronicle”, Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 623
  43. Andronikashvili M., (1965). On the Entry of Arabic Words into Georgian language through Persia. Tbilisi: Proceedings of Tbilisi State University, Vol. 105, 310.
  44. Shota Rustaveli, Vepkhistkaosani, Dictionary was compiled by A. Shanidze, (1957). Tbilisi: University Publishing House, 349.
  45. Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language, edited by A. Chikobava, (1986). Tbilisi: Sciences Academy of the Georgian SSR, Linguistics Institute, Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, one-volume, 349.
  46. Glonti, A., (1974). Kilo-Sayings word cone. Tbilisi, Education, Book 1, 2.
  47. Javakhishvili Iv., (1984). Essays in Twelve Volumes. Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, Volume VII, 291. Bartoshek, M., (1989). Roman law, concepts, terms, definitions. Moscow: Juridical literature, 274
  48. Javakhishvili Iv., (1984). Essays in Twelve Volumes. Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, Volume VII, 291.
  49. Monuments of Georgian Law, (1965). Text was published, also, notes and search engines were attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Science, II, 20
  50. Javakhishvili Iv., (1984). Essays in Twelve Volumes. Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, Volume VII, 291.
  51. Ibid.
  52. Khubua M., (1940). From Georgia-Iran relations, to Academician Ivane Javakhishvili on the 40th anniversary of his scientific activity (1899-1939). Tbilisi: Enimkes Moambe named after Acad. N. Marie, V-VI, 241.
  53. Chubinashvili N., (1961). Georgian Dictionary with Russian Translation, by the system of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani. Andronikashvili M., (1965). On the Entry of Arabic Words into Georgian language through Persia. Tbilisi: Proceedings of Tbilisi State University, Vol. 105, 306.
  54. Javakhishvili Iv., (1984). Essays in Twelve Volumes. Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, Volume VII, 291.
  55. There is a mistake in the text of Abuletidze’s book of donations quoted by Javakhishvili. Instead of the word “მ rml” it is written “ელი elite” nashebi. While working on the article, the scientist had T. Historical documents of Shiomkhvimi, published by Zhordania in 1896, which included the text of this document, written with the help of “მ rml”. The text of the same edition was used by I. Dolidze while working on the II volume of “Legal Monuments of Georgia”.
  56. Monuments of Georgian Law, (1965). Text was published, also, notes and search engines were attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Science, II, 70.
  57. Ibid.
  58. Ibid, 71.
  59. Ibid.
  60. Monuments of Georgian Law, (1965). Text was published, also, notes and search engines were attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Science, II, 20.
  61. Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 337.
  62. Ibid.
  63. Antelava, Il., 1980. Socio-Political History Issues of Georgia in XI-XV Centuries. Tbilisi: Lighting, 1980, 13.
  64. Leonty Mroveli, Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 59.
  65. Basily Ezosmodzgvari, Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 492.
  66. Tsagareishvili, E., (1971). Armenian Sources on Arab-Georgian Relations. Tbilisi: Multi-chapter, Philological and Historical Researches, Science, 483.
  67. Basily Ezosmodzgvari, Life of Kartli, Metreveli R. (Entirely ed.), (2008). Tbilisi: Meridian, Artanuji, 493.
  68. Ibid.
  69. Ibid.
  70. Vakhtang VI Law Books Collection, Monuments of Georgian Law, (1963). The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Sciense, I,386.
  71. Ibid, 387.
  72. Ibid.
  73. Idid, 388.
  74. Vakhtang VI Law Books Collection, Monuments of Georgian Law, (1963). The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Sciense, I,525.
  75. Chubinashvili N.,(1984). Georgian Dictionary with Russian Translation. Tbilisi: Soviet Georgia.
  76. Vakhtang VI Law Books Collection, Monuments of Georgian Law, (1963). The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Sciense, I,525.
  77. Ibid.
  78. Idid, 668
  79. Vakhtang VI Law Books Collection, Monuments of Georgian Law, (1963). The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Sciense, I,653.
  80. Idid, 434.
  81. Idid, 546.
  82. Idid, 766.
  83. Meskhia Sh., (1948). Materials on the Kartl-Kakheti Kingdom official formation. Tbilisi: I, 85.
  84. Ibid.
  85. Idid, 86
  86. Monuments of Georgian Law, (1965). The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Sciense, II,363.
  87. Idid, 385.
  88. Ibid.
  89. Meskhia Sh., (1948). Materials on the Kartl-Kakheti Kingdom official formation. Tbilisi: I, 2.
  90. Ibid.
  91. Idid, 9.
  92. Monuments of Georgian Law, (1965). The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Sciense, II, 410.
  93. Idid, 412.
  94. Ioann Bagrationi, Sjuldeba (Project of State Reform of Kartli-Kakheti). Introduction, dictionary and search engines added I. Surguladze., (1975).Tbilisi: Publishing house of Tbilisi State University named after Stalin, 012.
  95. Ibid.
  96. Ibid.
  97. Monuments of Georgian Law, (1965). The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Sciense, II, 412.
  98. Ibid.
  99. Ibid.
  100. Ioann Bagrationi, Sjuldeba (Project of State Reform of Kartli-Kakheti). Introduction, dictionary and search engines added I. Surguladze., (1975).Tbilisi: Publishing house of Tbilisi State University named after Stalin, 5.
  101. Ibid.
  102. Monuments of Georgian Law, (1965). The text was published, researched, and a dictionary was attached to it by Is. Dolidze. Tbilisi: Sciense, II, 560.
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