Article Retraction

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A retraction may be initiated by the authors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, academic institutions, or experts. The editorial board will review retraction requests on a case-by-case basis.

An article may be retracted post-publication only under the following circumstances:

• Plagiarism or data fabrication has been identified.
• Significant methodological or factual errors are discovered that compromise the reliability of the research.
• Serious ethical violations are detected (e.g., defamation, infringement of legal rights, misrepresentation of author information, disclosure of conflicts of interest, etc.).
• Duplicate publication is identified (incorrect or multiple instances of the same article's publication).
• The use of falsified data, fictitious authorship, or fraudulent affiliations is confirmed.
• A court order mandates the retraction.

If the editorial board decides to retract an article, the decision will be immediately communicated to the author with a detailed explanation of the reasons.

Retracted articles will remain in the journal's database with their DOI intact, but they will be clearly marked as Retracted in both the title and content, including a statement outlining the reason for the retraction (also reflected in the PDF version).

Retraction notices will be published on the journal’s official website and, if necessary, on Crossmark and other relevant platforms.

The editorial board will also assess the author's responsibility and take appropriate actions in accordance with the journal’s Code of Ethics.